alien

19 ماي 2026

reported speech مع الاخطاء التي يقع فيها التلاميذ 📘 Reported Speech (Direct & Indirect Speech) 1) الفرق الأساسي ✅ Direct Speech ننقل الكلام كما قيل تمامًا بين علامتي تنصيص. Example: > Sarah said, "I am tired." ✅ Indirect Speech ننقل المعنى بدون نقل الكلام حرفيًا. Example: > Sarah said that she was tired. 2) القاعدة الذهبية ✨ عند التحويل نقوم بـ: 1. حذف `" "` 2. تغيير الضمائر 3. إرجاع الزمن خطوة للخلف (إذا كان فعل القول بالماضي) # 3) تحويل الأزمنة (Backshift) أهم جدول للحفظ 🔥 | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | | ------------------ | --------------- | | Present Simple | Past Simple | | Present Continuous | Past Continuous | | Present Perfect | Past Perfect | | Past Simple | Past Perfect | | will | would | | can | could | | may | might | | must / have to | had to | أمثلة مهمة Present Simple → Past Simple > "I like anime." > → She said that she liked anime. Present Continuous → Past Continuous > "I am studying." > → He said that he was studying. Past Simple → Past Perfect > "I finished my work." > → She said that she had finished her work. --- Will → Would > "I will travel." > → He said that he would travel. # 4) تغيير كلمات الزمان والمكان | Direct | Indirect | | --------- | -------------- | | now | then | | today | that day | | yesterday | the day before | | tomorrow | the next day | | here | there | | this | that | --- # 5) أنواع الجمل # أ) Statements (الجمل الخبرية) نستخدم: * **said** * **told + person** ### Example > "I am happy," Lina said. > → Lina said that she was happy. > "I am happy," Lina told me. > → Lina told me that she was happy. --- # ب) Questions (الأسئلة) ## ✨ قاعدة مهمة جدًا: بعد التحويل يصبح السؤال جملة عادية: ❌ was he going ✅ he was going --- ## 1. Wh- Questions نستعمل نفس أداة السؤال. ### Example > "Where do you live?" > → He asked where I lived. --- ## 2. Yes/No Questions نستعمل: * if * whether ### Example > "Do you like football?" > → She asked if I liked football. --- # ج) Orders / Requests (الأوامر والطلبات) القاعدة: * to + infinitive * not to + infinitive --- أمر إيجابي > "Open the door." > → He told me to open the door. --- نهي > "Don't be late." > → She told me not to be late. --- 6) الحالات التي لا نغيّر فيها الزمن ⚠️ ## لا يوجد Backshift إذا: ### 1. فعل القول في الحاضر > She says, "I like tea." > → She says that she likes tea. --- 2. حقيقة علمية ثابتة > "The earth moves around the sun," the teacher said. > → The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun. --- # ✨ ملخص سريع للحفظ # Statements said/told + that ## Questions asked + if/whether أو wh-word ## Orders told/asked + to infinitive ## Negative Orders told/asked + not to infinitive --- # 🔥 أهم خطأ يقع فيه التلاميذ في السؤال: ❌ He asked where was I going. ✅ He asked where I was going. --- # 🎯 طريقة سهلة للحفظ فكّر فيها هكذا: * present -> past * الماضيPast Perfect * will -> would * can could يعني دائمًا “خطوة للخلف”.